OneH Congress 2026

Abstract

Microbes circulate continuously between humans, animals, and the environment, linking the health of all sectors through complex transmission pathways. Not only bacteria, but also parasites, viruses, and fungi are capable of developing resistance to the molecules designed to combat them. Surveillance systems spanning all three One Health sectors are thus essential to address this cross-sectoral challenge (1,2). Drawing on previous work on antibiotics (3), a map of French surveillance systems for the use of and resistance to non-antibiotic antimicrobials has been produced.

Methods:

This mapping included long-term surveillance programs and short-term studies focused on antimicrobial resistance, consumption, and residues in the human, animal, and environmental sectors, all showing activity within the past five years. In the rest of this text, these are referred to as systems, regardless of their structure. The antimicrobials included were antifungals, internal antiparasitics and antivirals. An initial inventory of surveillance systems was established through a thorough review of grey and scientific literature, subsequently refined and validated via a survey of system coordinators using snow balling. Data collection was based on a questionnaire adapted from the one used in the article by Collineau et al. (3), distributed electronically via the EUSurvey platform, in French. The information collected concerned regulatory status, funding, collaborations, types of data, their accessibility, geographical and population coverage, sampling strategy, and reported indicators. The data were collected between December 2024 and August 2025.

Results and discussion:

A total of 24 responses, each representing a distinct eligible system, were completed by the respective system coordinators. In addition, the authors completed the questionnaire for eleven systems for which information was publicly available. A total of 34 systems were identified, among which 6 focused on multiple categories of antimicrobials. 17 systems were dealing with antifungals, 18 with internal antiparasitics and five with antivirals. The systems on antivirals mainly concerned the human sector (4/5), while those on antiparasitics mainly concerned the animal sector (14/18). The parasites investigated differed between sectors—protozoa in humans versus helminths in animals—thereby limiting direct cross-sectoral relevance.
Conversely, antifungal surveillance currently represents the highest potential for OH surveillance, as it encompasses the three sectors and addresses pathogens and antifungal agents that largely overlap across sectors. It is also the only antimicrobial class for which cross-sectoral surveillance systems currently exist—three have been identified. These systems could form the basis for broader One Health coordination.

1. Fisher MC, Burnett F, Chandler C, Gow NAR, Gurr S, Hart A, et al. A one health roadmap towards understanding and mitigating emerging Fungal Antimicrobial Resistance: fAMR. npj Antimicrob Resist. 2024 Nov 7;2(1):36.
2. Oliveira M, Antunes W, Mota S, Madureira-Carvalho Á, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Dias da Silva D. An Overview of the Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance. Microorganisms. 2024 Sept 21;12(9):1920.
3. Collineau L, Bourely C, Rousset L, Berger-Carbonne A, Ploy MC, Pulcini C, et al. Towards One Health surveillance of antibiotic resistance: characterisation and mapping of existing programmes in humans, animals, food and the environment in France, 2021. Eurosurveillance. 2023 Jun 1;28(22).